Sterling 1317 Robert of Béthune

N.J. Mayhew 1983: Sterling Imitations of Edwardian Type. s. 84, nr. 213

https://www.sterlingimitations.com/robertofbethune.html

Crockards & Pollards

The Edwardian sterlings can be devided into 3 types: the crowned type, the uncrowned type and the ones with a bust wearing a chaplet of roses.

In the late 13th century you see that foreign merchants take the English money overseas rather than spend it on English goods. The silver went to the continental mints and into the production of sterling imitations of inferior weight and fineness for use in the wool trade.
These crockards and pollards soon began to find their way to England in large quantities. Around 1300 Edward started to devaluate and finally forbid these imitations. Crockards and pollards are not seen after 1300 and you see that the crowned imitations, which look almost identical to the English penny, take their place.

The difference between crockards and pollards:
Crockard
The type where a crown is replaced by a chaplet of roses is the so called «denarius rosades». A less flattering name was «crocardus» or «cocodonis» (translated from French as fashion doll or dandy).

Pollard
This variaty with a bare-headed bust facing, is called a «pollard». In English it means a cow without horns.